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Since E = m c^2, and the energy of a photon is E = h c / lambda, with E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light, h = Planck's constant, pick a wavelength and you can tell how many photons of that wavelength would be the energy equivalent of a given mass.

Be prepared for a large number.

 

 

Big numbers are better?

 

 

back of the envelope, about 2 * 10^72 photons, if lambda = 500 nm (green).

 

That's bound to happen when you have the speed of light squared as a conversion factor.

 

 

Actually, Planck's constant in the denominator is even worse.

big numbers? Astronomical!  :D

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How many protons are there in the Universe?

According to Sagan, the total number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the universe is on the order of 10^80. So, assume that something like a third of those are protons, and you're in the ballpark.

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Depends. Noble gas atoms, you're right. Atoms in diatomic molecules, well, there's some. But those in e.g. polymers with lots and lots of carbon-on-carbon bonding or quantum tunneling across energy barriers or those in bulk metals sharing a sea of electrons among the whole population ... yowza.

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